Bibliography to Accompany the US History of Race Timeline

  • 1492, Columbus enters, invades, “discovers” the Americas, “When Christopher Columbus first came in contact with native people” takes you here.
  • 1600s, Introduction of new diseases wiped out indigenous Americans, “Europeans of the time held steadfastly” takes you here.
  • 1619, First people from Africa enslaved in the US colonies, “The middle passage was the triangular trade” takes you here.
  • 1637, Pequot Massacre / Pequot War, “Taking place in Connecticut and Rhode Island” takes you here.
  • 1676, Bacon’s Rebellion, “Tobacco planters led by Nathaniel Bacon” takes you here.
  • 1790, First Census, “Counts enslaved Black people and Free Blacks” takes you here.
  • 1793, Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, “This greatly increases the demand for slave labor” takes you here.
  • 1830, Indian Removal Act, “On December 22, the State of Georgia” takes you here.
  • 1831-1838, Trail of Tears, “Trail of Tears – Despite the Supreme Court’s rulings in 1831” takes you here.
  • 1831-1861, Underground Railroad, “The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes” takes you here.
  • 1848, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, “In November 1835, the northern part” takes you here.
  • 1849, Gold Rush, “The Gold Rush migration into California was remarkably diverse” takes you here.
  • 1861-1865, Civil War, “When California, one of the territories” takes you here.
  • 1863: Emancipation Proclamation, 1864: 13th amendment, 1866-77: First Reconstruction, 1868: 14th amendment, 1870: 15th amendment Hiram Revels is elected, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude” takes you here.
  • 1865, KKK established, “In Pulaski, Tennessee, a group of Confederate veterans convenes” takes you here.
  • 1871, Indian Appropriation Act, “This Congressional Act specified that no tribe” takes you here.
  • 1875, First Civil Rights Act, “The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (18 Stat. 335–337), sometimes called Enforcement Actor Force Act” takes you here.
  • 1876, Duty-free importation of Hawaiian cane sugar into US, “”Sugar cane had long been an important crop” takes you here.
  • 1877: Reconstruction ends, 1879: The Black Exodus, “Reconstruction ends in the South in 1877” takes you here.
  • 1879, First Indian Boarding School (1880: Civilization Regulations), “The first students, a group of 84 Lakota children” takes you here.
  • 1869: Completion of transcontinental railroad, 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act, “The majority of the Union Pacific track” takes you here.
  • 1882-1890: Lynchings begin to emerge as a serious trend, 1883: Supreme Court strikes down 1875 Civil Rights Act, “The Tuskegee Institute has recorded 3,446 blacks” takes you here.
  • 1886, Yick Wo v Hopkins, “Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886),[1] was the first case” takes you here.
  • 1887, The Dawes Act, “The Dawes Severalty Act, otherwise known as the General Allotment Act” takes you here.
  • 1889, Oklahoma Land Rush (Bogges’s Run), “In the first ‘Oklahoma Land Rush,’ the U.S. government bows” takes you here.
  • 1890, First Jim Crow laws established, “Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system” takes you here.
  • 1896, Plessy V. Ferguson, “Plessy v. Ferguson: This landmark Supreme Court” takes you here.
  • 1908, The play “The Melting Pot” is staged, “Israel Zangwill’s play about immigrants in America” takes you here.
  • 1905: The Niagara Movement, 1909: NAACP is established, “The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization” takes you here.
  • 1910, Angel Island opens, “Like people of other ethnicities” takes you here.
  • 1913: California passes Alien Land Act, 1917: Immigration (Literacy) Act, “The California Alien Land Law of 1913” takes you here.
  • 1915, Birth of a Nation, first moving picture, is released, “The Birth of a Nation (originally called The Clansman)” takes you here.
  • 1917, Jones Act, “US incorporates Puerto Rico” takes you here.
  • 1922, Cable Act, Just 3 years after passage of the 19th amendment, “If a woman marries a non-citizen, she loses her citizenship” takes you here.
  • 1922, Ozawa v US, “Takao Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922)” takes you here.
  • 1923, US v Bhagat Singh Thind, United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923)” takes you here.
  • 1929, US Border Patrol established, “To stop Japanese immigration through Mexico, not Mexican immigration” takes you here.
  • 1929: Great Depression, 1930-1940: 600,000 Mexicans deported, including many US citizens, “On Feb. 26, 1931, a sunny Sunday in Los Angeles” takes you here.
  • 1931, The beginning of the trial of the Scottsboro Boys, “Nine black youths are indicted in Scottsboro” takes you here.
  • 1934, National Housing Act, “The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) revolutionized home ownership” takes you here.
  • 1941-45: WWII, “World War II captured some of the best and worst“ takes you here.
  • 1942: EO 9066, “ About 10 weeks after the U.S. entered World War II” takes you here.
  • 1942-64: Bracero Program, The Bracero Program served between 1942 and 1964” takes you here.
  • 1943: Congress lifts ban on Chinese immigration, “In 1943, Congress passed a measure” takes you here.
  • 1944: Korematsu v US, “On May 30, 1942, about six months after the Japanese attack” takes you here.
  • 1947, Mendez v Westminster, “Mendez, et al v. Westminister [sic] School District of Orange County, et al” takes you here.
  • 1948, Integration of the military, “Although African Americans had participated in every major U.S. war” takes you here.
  • 1952, Malcolm X becomes a minister in the Nation of Islam, “Over the next several years his influence increases” takes you here.
  • 1954, Brown v. Board of Education, “Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. declares that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional (May 17)” takes you here.
  • 1954, Operation Wetback, “Operation Wetback was an immigration law enforcement initiative” takes you here.
  • 1955, Emmett Till and Rosa Parks in the news, “A young black boy, Emmett Till, is brutally murdered” takes you here.
  • 1957, Little Rock Nine, “The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students” takes you here.
  • 1960, Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In, “Despite advances in the fight for racial equality” takes you here.
  • 1961, Freedom Rides, “In 1961 CORE undertook a new tactic” takes you here.
  • 1963, March on Washington, “On 28 August 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators” takes you here.
  • 1964, Civil Rights Act signed into law, “President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act” takes you here.
  • 1965: Malcolm X killed, Bloody Sunday, Voting Rights Act, Immigration Rights Act, United Farm Workers Strike, “How the Civil Rights Movement Influenced U.S. Immigration Policy” takes you here.
  • 1966, MLK in Chicago, “On this muggy Friday afternoon, Martin Luther King Jr. stepped out of the car” takes you here.
  • 1966, The Black Panthers were founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale (Oct.)., “In October of 1966, in Oakland California, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale” takes you here.
  • 1967, Loving v Virginia, “Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court” takes you here.
  • 1968: American Indian Movement, 1968: MLK and RFK assassinated, “American Indian Movement (AIM) – Shortly after the Minneapolis Anishinaabeg” takes you here.
  • 1969, Stonewall riots, “Recent retellings of the story of the Stonewall riots” takes you here.
  • 1969, Occupation of Alcatraz, “‘Indians of All Tribes’ occupation of Alcatraz” takes you here.
  • 1972, Trail of Broken Treaties, “Trail of Broken Treaties – Over 500 Indian activists” takes you here.
  • 1976, Executive Order 9066 rescinded, “On February 19, 1976, President Gerald R. Ford issued a proclamation” takes you here.
  • 1981, First cases of AIDS discovered, “Dr. Michael Gottlieb and his colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles” takes you here.
  • 1982, Murder of Vincent Chin, “On June 23, 1982, in Detroit, a young man named Vincent Chin died.” takes you here.
  • 1988, Formal Apology to Japanese internees, “In 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act” takes you here.
  • 1990, Native American Languages Act, “Native American Languages Act – This Congressional Act made” takes you here.
  • 1992, LA rebellion, “The first race riots in decades erupt in south-central” takes you here.
  • 1995, Prop 187, “California Proposition 187 was on the November 8, 1994” takes you here.
  • 1998: Murder of Matthew Shepard, 1998: Murder of James Byrd, “President Barack Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 into law.” takes you here.
  • 2001: Economic downturn, 2001: 9/11, 2001: Patriot Act, 2002: Department of Homeland Security, 2004: Minutemen, 2006: May Day marches, “What might be the connections between the issues on this page?”, Links 1, 2, 3, & 4
  • 2008: Foreclosure crisis, 2008: Obama elected, “On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama Democrat from Chicago” takes you here.
  • 2009, Tea Party, “Within days of President Obama’s inauguration seven and a half years ago” takes you here.
  • 2010, Dreamers, “In 2010, the DREAM Act (Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors) failed to pass the House.” takes you here.
  • 2012, Idle No More, “Idle No More is an ongoing protest movement” takes you here.
  • 2013, George Zimmerman Acquitted in Murder of Trayvon Martin, “The #BlackLivesMatter movement is born” takes you here.
  • 2014, Michael Brown killed, “On Aug. 9, Michael Brown, an unarmed 18-year-old was shot and killed” takes you here.
  • 2016, Standing Rock, “April 1, 2016: A group of 200 Native Americans ride on horseback to protest the pipeline’s location.” takes you here.
  • 2016, Donald Trump elected President, “Donald Trump has been obsessed with race for the entire time he has been a public figure.” takes you here.
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